Manganiferous soils have high contents of manganese, which, combined with trace elements could affect the physico-chemistry of the soil and lead to serious hazard on the environment and human. This study aims to assess the levels of trace elements on manganiferous soils of Côte d'Ivoire. A recognition site by manganiferous soil survey on three areas was applied. In these manganiferous soils abundance order of ETM, each site individually, is identical to the global abundance order : (Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Cd). However, a difference is observed in Korhogo, at Ni > Cr. Among the ETM studied, Cu (172.8 mg.kg-1), Zn (110.73 mg.kg-1), Cd (1.06 mg.kg-1) and Mn (9228.96 mg.kg-1) are in the range of critical levels in soils, which can cause toxicity. A North-South gradient of increasing accumulation is for Cd. The opposite is observed for Zn. Mn is more abundant in Guitry but low in Bondoukou. Other ETM (Fe, Ni, Cu, Pb and Co) are more or less homogeneous in the different study areas. Dynamics and vertical distribution of ETM is very variable depending on the area and is mainly influenced by pedogenetic processes. The pH is frankly acids in these soils. A study on the speciation of trace metals in these soils should be conducted to better prevent potential contamination of environment.

This study shows the potential for discrimination of lithological units of the Precambrian basement with a monoband RADARSAT-1 low spatial resolution (50 m) image. The methodological approach was to produce and exploit a pseudo-panchromatic (15 m) SAR image. SAR image was first denoised then georeferenced using the panchromatic band of Landsat ETM+. The wavelet fusion and multi-resolution analysis technique has been used to produce a pseudo-panchromatic SAR image (15 m) marked "PR". The "Wallis" adaptive filter, synthetic colors transformation and texture parameters calculation were applied to "PR" to enhance the lithological units contours. Primary analysis associated with the interpretation of images deriving from the directional weighted 7x7 Sobel filters, revealed image discontinuities similar to geological fractures. The use of images derived treatments applied to "PR" has allowed bringing out lithostructural various information. According to tone and texture variations, four major geological ensembles consist of mafic and intrapaléozoïques Birimian formations were distinguished from six images facies that characterize the region's geology. These are Baoulé type granite of craton forming the Korhogo massif, Baoulé type granite of geosynclines forming the Ferké massif, sedimentary facies Birimian series forming the Dioula and Haut-Bandama series. The lineaments and major fractures study gave the main structural directions with SW-NE as the dominant orientation. Similarly, extensions of some fractures, not apparent on existing maps, have been revealed. Synthesis of this information gave a new lithostructural map. Comparing it with previous works showing that the geological contours mapped are the same with those references. However, the Niellé massif and Dioula volcano-sedimentary series could not be differentiated. Similarly, simulated image was ineffective at detailed mapping.

Technology information has increased dramatically in the last years and has contributed to the growth in technology delivered instruction as an important learning and education method. In this perspective, many academic researches considered the importance of e-learning effectiveness. Although the existing models of e-learning effectiveness has improved our understanding of how online training can support and enhance learning, most of published models do not take into account the importance of the relationship between social presence and interaction. Thus, this study develops preceding investigation by extending a model of e-learning effectiveness which adds social presence to other studied variables including computer self efficacy, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, interaction between trainer and trainees, and e-learning effectiveness. Moreover, the model includes the possible relationships between independent factors. In this case, the present research seek to identify the influence of computer self efficacy, ease of use, perceived usefulness, interaction, and social presence on e- learning effectiveness. Furthermore, this study considers the possible influences between individual characteristics, perceptual characteristics and environmental characteristics. Using data from 410 employees, the conceptual model was validated through a Tunisian context. Results indicate the importance of interaction, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and social presence on e-learning achievement. E-learning achievement, in turn, influences e-learning transfer.

A comprehensive survey of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) was conducted in Swat Pakistan, from April to September during 2000. The survey involved the sampling of both, adult and immature stages of mosquitoes, and recovered a total of 21 species in five genera. Sampling of adult mosquitoes involved Pyrethrum spray collections, Man-biting collections, and Animal-biting collection. Immature stages of mosquitoes were collected from variety of habitats including springs, irrigation channels, rice fields, marshes, temporary pools, construction pools, agriculture pools, river margins, ditches, waste water drains, wells and tree holes. During the study most of the species built up their populations in June, July and August, while a few increased their populations in September. During the survey of immature stages, from a total of 138 samples taken, Cx. quinquefasciatus showed maximum frequency of occurrence (recovered from 48 samples) followed by An. maculatus (17 samples), Cx. pseudovishnui (14 samples), An. annularis and An. stephensi (13 samples each), Cx. bitaeniorhynchus (11 samples), An. splendidus (5 samples) and Cx. theileri (4 samples). The rest of the species occurred infrequently. The observations on habitat specificity of different species of mosquitoes showed the rice fields as the most favorable site for mosquito breeding (harboring 12 species) followed by river margins (five species) and temporary pools and springs (four species each). During this study Ae. aegypti was recovered from tyres in Mingora; it was not reported earlier from Swat.

Agent-based systems are one of the most vibrant and important areas of the research and development to have emerged in Information Technology in recent years. They are one of the most promising approaches for designing and implementing autonomous, intelligent and social software assistants capable of supporting human decision-making. These kinds of systems are believed to be appropriate in many aspects of the healthcare domain. As a result, there is a growing interest of researchers in the application of agent-based techniques to problems in the healthcare domain. The adoption of agent technologies and multi-agent constitutes an emerging area in bioinformatics. Multi-agent based medical diagnosis systems may improve traditionally developed medical computational systems and may also support medical staff in decision-making. In this paper, we simulate the multi agent system for cancer classification. The proposed architecture consists of service provider agents as upper layer agent, coordinator agent as middle layer agent and initial agent lowest layer agent. Coordinator agent serves as matchmaker agent that uses Naïve Bayesian learning method for obtaining general knowledge and selects the best service provider agent using matchmaking mechanism. Therefore this system can reduce the communication overhead between agents for sending messages and transferring data and can avoid sending the problem to irrelevant agents.

The prevention against the pollution of groundwater has been over three decades a major concern for the specialists of the field of water. To that purpose, many methods that use intrinsic parameters have been adopted since 1987. For this study, two methods have been adopted to enhance the robustness of results. It is about DRASTIC and SINTACS who use both the intrinsic features of aquifers. The errors margins have been calculated for both maps so as to appreciate their veracity rate. Finally, these maps have been superposed to translate an infiltration on the salts content map which is supped to translate an infiltration from superficial origin. The results clearly indicate that whatever the method, three classes of vulnerability have been identified: the strong vulnerability class, the average vulnerability and the low vulnerability classes. Globally, the area remains moderately vulnerable. Whatever the errors margin that was determined shows the respective values: 16,74 % and 18,04 % for the DRASTIC and SINTACS methods. The superposition of the salts content map shows that the pollutant found in groundwater might have an origin that might not be from a superficial origin infiltration. The use of statistical tests as contribution to this study could lead to determine the origins of these pollutants.

Rice is a strategic axis of socio-economic development of the region of Denguele because of the population increase. In spite of the essential role which plays the rice in the consumption of the population in developing countries, its production remains always insufficient. National policy of Côte d'Ivoire regarding rice knew a development at the beginning of 1970s in this north region of the country. This is not the case now because of lack of follow-up of many projects and malfunction of structures management. So today, the evaluation of the projects executed within the framework of a rice crop campaign requires the manipulation of a big quantity of heterogeneous data. The design of an appropriate management tool is necessary to organize and communicate information to facilitate decision making. The adopted approach is the one of a geodatabase which consists of the elaboration and the implementation of the data in a relational database management system. The data were modeled according to the Entity-Relationship formalism based on MERISE method which is characterized by three levels: conceptual, logical and physical. The result of this work indicates an unequal distribution of rice projects in this region. They are all concentrated around the town of Odienne which occupies about 41% of the cultivated area at the expense of other localities. This GIS highlights the benefits of implementing a geographic database for the management of a rice project.

Pin fin geometries provide a large surface area of heat transfer and reduce the thermal resistance of the package. One of the important features of this type of fins is that they often take less space and contribute less to the weight and cost of the product. Pin fin arrays are used widely in many applications such as gas turbine or electronic circuits cooling, where pin fin geometries use due to their low cost of manufacturing and easy installing. In gas turbine application heat transfer from the blade to the coolant air can be increased by installing pin fins. In fact, Pin fin arrays increase heat transfer by increasing the flow turbulence and surface area of the airfoil exposed to the coolant. The overall performance of a heat exchanger with pin-fin typically depends on a number of parameters including the fin diameter, dimensions of the baseplate and pin-fins, thermal joint resistance and location heat sources. These parameters have an impact on the optimal design of a heat exchanger. Fin diameter is a key parameter to determine overall heat exchanger efficiency and entropy generation. In this paper, our objective is introducing an Equation to calculate optimal fin diameter based on minimizing entropy generation.

What is a phraseological unit? Such ontological questions are usually either avoided altogether or answered away by resorting to an endless recess of ever smaller constituents organised by logical rules, thus unwittingly paving the way for the metaphysics of Universals and Laws of Nature. This article looks into the phraseological questions, which, as known, constitute a part of lexicology and was formed as an independent discipline not long ago. Accordingly, a number of questions pertinent to phraseology have neither been studied nor thoroughly researched. This article endeavors to examine certain phraseologisms existing in scientific circles and study those of religious origin existing in the French language. Considering the presence of books and dictionaries with biblical phraseologies, we decided to research the phraseologisms of Koran origin available in the French language, and their semantic and stylistic properties. In this research, we present examples of phraseologisms registered in the language and those not registered in the dictionaries, which have either been borrowed from Koran or are associated with Koran. The list of expressions in the Koran is not completed. We will continue our research and hope to publish a dictionary of phrases original Koran. This study is very important because the phrases phraseological enrich the language, are more expressive on the other hand, it allows to better understand our history, culture, traditions and customs of the people.

Cloud computing referred to as the on demand technology because it offers dynamic and versatile resource allocation for reliable and warranted services in pay as-you-use manner to public. It is a technology that uses the web and central remote servers to take care of data and applications and permits users to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with the assistance of internet access. This technology allows rather more efficient computing by consolidative data storage, processing and bandwidth. The specialty of this technology is that any variety of cloud services can be simultaneously accessed by any variety of users. So it is necessary that every user should get sufficient resources in a well-organized manner. The resource allocation in cloud computing is nothing but integrating the cloud provider activities in order to utilize and allocate scarce resources. The service level agreement satisfaction is incredibly necessary concerning the user as well as the service provider. Minimum SLA violation brings most client satisfaction. Here in this paper a survey is meted out on the realm of resource management strategies that tries to preserve the customer satisfaction to its maximum. There are some metrics which are able to evaluate the potency of these resource allocation strategies. The deserves and demerits of each technique are also mentioned.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the socio-economics of cassava marketing in Benue State, Nigeria. Data were collected from randomly sampled 107 cassava marketers in Benue State, using a structured questionnaire. The study revealed that most of the cassava marketers had secondary education (72.9%). The study also revealed that marketing of cassava is mostly undertaken by females (57%). The result showed that married people (59.8%) were mostly involved in the marketing of cassava. The study revealed that cassava marketing is operated in a competitive market environment and the marketing margin obtained by an average cassava marketer is 31%. Cassava marketing is a profitable venture in the study area. It was also revealed that greater percentage of cassava traded in the study area was primarily obtained from the farmers. Majority of the respondents (92.5%) belong to cassava marketing association. The most pressing problem (46.73%) faced by the marketers is high taxes during transportation. Majority of the cassava marketers use the revenue generated from cassava business to train their children in schools and buildings of modern houses (57.0).There is the need to: open centralized cassava market in the study area; construct good network of feeder roads; establish processing companies/facilities; restructure the entire marketing system. Traders should be encouraged to form agricultural marketing cooperatives in order to eliminate the exploitative activities of the middlemen. Marketing agencies should be enforced by government to take care of the marketing problems that are associated with the speculative activities of the middlemen.

Ensuring trust in cyber space has become an important and indispensable security challenge. Questions about trust in the physical space can be answered based on the factors namely closeness, time, analyzing actions and body language. But in the cyber space these factors are not readily available correctly to ensure and verify trust. Trust can also be established via a third party. But can we know with absolute certainty that the entity with whom we are communicating is trustworthy or not? Cyber security is all about ensuring that software will behave in an expected manner and that it can prevent any threats that deter it from its expected operations. It not just deals with securing networks but rather focuses on ensuring the security of the devices connected to the networks. In this paper, we discuss the approaches used earlier for establishing trust, their limitations and focus on the need for hardware-based root of trust as software-only solutions are inadequate to ensure complete trust. We discuss an emerging technology in the ?eld of trusted computing called the Trusted Platform Module that provides a hardware-based root of trust. We also discuss about its scope, various applications, and the future work being done on it.

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of health care known to mankind. Herbal medicines have great importance in maintaining the health of every person. Demands of Herbal medicines are increasing in both developed and developing countries due to growing recognition of natural plants being lesser or of no side effect, easily available in surrounding place with low cost. Different parts of the plant have different active constituents and these active constituents may vary in their extent of activity and concentration. Most of active principles are existing in leaves, flower, fruit, bark, root and seeds of the plant. Certain herbs have become popular over the last twenty years, but herbal medicine is still poorly understood by the public, medical practitioners and the media. Nigeria is not left behind most of the world in this endeavor of utilizing herbal medicine. Dodonea viscosa is often used traditionally to treat many diseases like fever, cold, malaria, rheumatism, aches, toothaches, headaches, indigestion, ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, dysmenorrheal and irregular menstruation. The plant is reported to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, phytosterols and volatile oil. This review was aimed at describing the medicinal uses, phytochemical components and other important aspects of the plant.

The Problem of this study can be formulated in need management Egyptian universities to develop the knowledge economy, Thus the main objective of this study is to provide decision-makers in the Egyptian universities envision a proposal which would contribute to the development of knowledge-based economy. To achieve this objective descriptive approach was used. This study has many resulted in the light of these results put a number of recommendations: 1. Transform the university into a center of expertise for knowledge assets and intellectual capital and through the activities of humanitarian configuration knowledge, create new knowledge, transfer of knowledge, sharing knowledge, storage, retrieval and distribution of knowledge. 2. Develop a strategy to move the university to a knowledge organization seeking to learn and create a culture of innovation and creativity 3. Need to adopt a knowledge-based economy as an input to develop and improve the performance of higher education institutions, as this will bring to those institutions many benefits. 4. Develop a system to encourage and motivate linked to the practices and activities of the knowledge economy. To encourage individuals to share what assets they have exchange of knowledge and skills with others, and to contribute effectively to the knowledge economy activities of different types and forms.

The present work concerns the study of the nutritional quality of the raw milk, on samples resulting from centers of collection of the milk (cooperatives) and from farms, from the region of Tadla (Kssiba and Fkih ben Saleh) and the region of Kelaa. The investigations concerned two periods of year 2011 (Period I: February-March-April and Period II: September-October-November). The analysis results show that for the three nutritional parameters, protein content (TP), fat (MG) and defatted dry matter (ESD), there are variations between samples. Assessing the nutritional quality of milk is required to highlight the variability in the nutritional quality of milk production, evaluating the quality of milk produced in those regions and determine the factors influential to improve production and profitability. This quality is demonstrated through the determination of three main parameters of milk constituents, namely fat (MG) Protein content (TP) and nonfat dry (ESD). Milk quality plays an important role in marketing milk and quantity of product plays a very important role to meet the demand of the market in terms of milk and its derivatives. The effect of time and the origin of milk (cooperative or farm) are the two parameters that influence in a significant way the nutritional quality of milk. The results of exploratory analysis by applying the principal component analysis (PCA), illustrates the importance of these two parameters.

Objective: This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in patient addressed to the hospital of Oran and to identify parasites causing this infection. Design: The survey was made on 1042 individuals, external and hospitalized, having between one month and 80 years old, addressed te H.U.C. of Oran. For every patient, an analysis of stool sample was done including direct and complementary methods. Results: The prevalence is about 19,96%. Adultes (71,15%) are more parasited than children (28,84%). The sex ratio is equal to 1. It is essentially Protozoa parasitism with 95,7% and Helminth represent only 4,3%. The intestinal parasites founded are : Blastocystis hominis 47,17% Entamoeba coli 18,95%, Giardia intestinalis 15,32%, Endolimax nana 5,24%, Entamoeba histolytica 4 ,83%, Pseudolimax butschlii 4,43%, Enterobius vermicularis 2,82%, Cryptosporidium sp 0,4%, Ascaris lumbricoides 0,4% and Taenia saginata 0,4%. Statistically, it was no significant to the distribution of parasites species by sex. But according to age, it was significant for Giardia intestinalis which infects more children than adults, for Endolimax nana and Blastocystis hominis with the most infection of adults. Conclusion: The majority of parasites listed are not pathological. Their epidemiology is linked to faulty hygiene; this is why developing countries are the most concerned.

A grid is an open system, a large collection of autonomous systems giving individual users the image of a single virtual machine with a rich set of hardware and software resources. The crest aim of a Grid is to allocate best resource to a job by comparing the user requirements with the resource capabiliities. The process of selecting resources based on user requirements is called "resource matching". In Grid environment the resource pool is highly dynamic. The user behavior in the Grid environment is also cannot be predicted. While matching the job with the resources, the average response time to find the best match depends upon the arrival rate of the job and the resources. The average response time to find the best match can be increased by increasing the service rate of the Grid. The service rate of the Grid can be increased by having two queues in the Grid. This paper deals with the impact of time varying arrival rate of job, a large time varying arrival rate of resource, number of queues, in matching the user requirements with the resource capabilities. The arrival rate of job and the resource would require to be in a fashion that the average response time of the job should get minimized.

The analysis of two radar images permits the mapping of following petrographic units: the porphyritic granodiorite of Yamoussoukro, the biotite and hornblende rich granodiorite of Toumodi, the plutono-volcano-sedimentary complex of Fetekro-Divo, the biotite-hornblende metagranite, the biotite granitic orthogneiss. It also allows the mapping of four (4) major fractures. These are: NE to NNE-SSW (ZFET and ZFTaY) fractures, NE-SW (ZFTa and ZFOT) fractures, EW (ZFO and ZFT) fractures and finally NW-SE (ZFTaHO and ZFTY) fractures. On the ground, we have distinguished three petrographic facies: syenogranites, monzonitic granites and microgranites. Six main directions of fractures were identified: sinistral N020°-N030°, dextral N050°-N060°, dextral N080°-N090°, dextral or sinistral N100°-N110°, dextral or sinistral N120°-N140°, and sinistral N160°-N000°. Fractures of submeridional direction (N160° to NS) are the oldest. They are followed by those of N020°-N030° directions which cause foliation well marked and microfolds. N100° to N110° and N120° to N140° directions, which replayed several times, crosscut this foliation. Recent fractures are those of N080° to N100° directions. The relations between certain directions of fractures can promote not only horizontal infiltrations, but also vertical flows. This is for example the case of flow in preferential of North-East, West, Southeast and Southwest directions.

This research work was carried out at The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during crop season year 2011-12. The objectives were to study the genetic variability and correlation among different traits in Brassica napus L. Data were recorded on agronomic and quality traits. The breeding material comprised 8 genotypes of Brassica napus L. These genotypes were evaluated in replicated trial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for most of the traits. Non-significant differences were, however, observed among the genotypes for primary branches plant-1 and pods plant-1. Genotype 1 was found superior for most of the traits i.e maximum oleic acid content etc. Correlation analysis presented highly significant positive phenotypic correlation of plant height with pods main raceme-1 and pod length seed yield exhibited significant positive phenotypic correlation with pods plant-1, protein content and moisture content. Similarly significant negative phenotypic correlation of oleic acid content with oil and erucic acid content was also observed. From the results it can be concluded that Genotype 2 can be used for developing superior genotypes for seed yield, seed pod-1 and protein content while Genotype 7 can be used for yielding high oil content. The significant and positive correlation of seed yield plant-1 with pods plant-1 and protein content was important in making indirect selection for seed yield.

The use of multilevel inverters in renewable energy such as fuel cell, solar cell, and wind turbines, which use converters, is becoming more prominent. Therefore, the harmonic reduction concept in these inverters is being considered. In this paper, three algorithms (particle swarm optimization (PSO), modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO), and weight improved particle swarm optimization (WIPSO)) are used to determine the optimum switching angles of cascade multilevel inverters for obtaining minimum voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) in a wide range of modulation index. To reduce the THD, selective harmonics should be eliminated by optimal switching angles. In this paper, five switching angles of an Eleven-Level H-bridge inverter are determined by the three mentioned algorithms to reduce the voltage THD. The derived equations for the computation of output voltage THD of an inverter are used as the objective function. This objective function is used to minimize the THD in the output voltage of an inverter. While minimizing the objective function, the selective harmonics such as the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th can be controlled by using the PSO, MPSO, and WIPSO algorithms. The simulations are performed for an 11 level cascaded multilevel inverter to show the validity of the proposed methods. The results show that all three proposed algorithms can eliminate selective harmonic in optimization problem and output voltage THD decreases. Generally, the WIPSO algorithm finds the answer with less iteration and with higher speed convergence among the proposed methods. The performance of the three mentioned algorithms for THD reduction depends on amplitude modulation index (M). MPSO and WIPSO algorithms have lower iteration numbers than PSO algorithm. Also WIPSO algorithm has higher speed convergence among the proposed methods. All three proposed algorithms reduce the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th order harmonics in optimization problem.

The spreading out of internet these days has raised the worth of digital media all over the planet. Digital watermarking has been a boon to digital media world as it endows various benefits like authentication, copy control and rights management of digital media. Digital images a category under digital media can be watermarked either in time domain or in frequency domain. The goal is to produce an efficient, secure and invisible watermarked image using digital watermarking thereby improving the quality and increasing the robustness of watermarked image. Here, digital image is watermarked using wavelet transforms which is an efficient multi-resolution frequency domain techniques. The low frequencies of wavelet decomposition of the carrier image which is a color image is watermarked with a color logo shuffled using a chaotic map technique. Embedding process is highly secured as chaotic map technique shuffles the watermark in order to confuse any unauthorized person who tries to modify or remove the corresponding watermark. The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of watermarked image has proved that the original image and the watermarked image are visually indistinguishable by human observers. Robustness is checked well by extracting the original watermark perfectly without any degradation in the original image.

NA

The petrographic study of rocks and some few outcrops revealed the great diversity of volcano-plutonic formations. Indeed, magmatism of the Yaouré Mountains is quite differentiated, ranging from basic terms (basalts) to acidic terms (rhyolites), passing to neutral terms (rhyodacites, andesites and dacites). The study also identifies several varieties of plutonic igneous rocks, including diorites, granodiorites, gabbros and sub-volcanic (microgranites). Diorites and granodiorites are dykes or sills in the N150° and N60° directions. The structural study made in the trenches and the pits, and on the few outcrops has highlighted several directions of fractures. The most common are: N-S to N20°, subvertical N60°, N90°-65°N, N150°-35°SW and N120°-25° NE. Genetic analysis made between the gold mineralization, the geological facies and the deformations shows that the mineralization is post-implementation of volcanic rocks (rhyodacites, dacites, andesites and basalts) and subvolcanic rocks (microgranites) with sulfides, and anterior to undeformed plutonic gabbroic rocks. The mineralization is hydrothermal and structural type, synchronous to conjugated fractures with dextral N150° and sinistral N060° directions. The host rocks of the gold mineralization are volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks. This mineralization occurs as stockworks and quartz veins.

This study was carried out in White Nile State to determine effects of human activities on forest biodiversity. The area is rich with natural forests. The forestland is continuously deforested and the remaining forests are degraded because of agricultural practices and the absence of management plan. This study aims to investigate the forest cover changes and understand the vegetation dynamics in three zones, zone (I) which represents the tree cover that extends along khores and low lands, zone (II) represents the scatter trees defined as trees outside forests including areas as open grazing land; zone (III) is the agricultural land. Each of them is approximately 400 hectare. The components of each zone included land use categories of forest cover scattered. A social survey was conducted to assess the link between community practices and natural resource development. The questionnaire included a set of questions about tree and their status. The study reveals that the role of community participation is crucial in conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. However, this community solely relies on fuel wood as the main source of energy with a limited use of alternatives sources like kerosene and gas; this may necessitate a shift toward alternatives sources in order to reduce the consumption of wood.

In this letter, we proposed a comparative study of a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna at Terahertz (THz) frequency ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 THz with and without superstrate. First, the simulation was carried to a simple micro-strip antenna, was then added an upper layer (superstrate) by varying the height to improve impedance matching and optimizing the performance of the antenna. The matching bandwidth and the maximum radiation gain obtained are around 22.47 % (10.43 dBi at 0.6929 THz), respectively. The performance of the dielectric resonator antenna is simulated by electromagnetic simulator CST Microwave Studio.

The process in a gas turbine plant involves certain losses which can be divided into internal and external losses. In term of internal losses, the main factor is changing the state of working fluid. Since the temperature of atmospheric air may vary within a wide range, its variations can influence strongly the efficiency of gas turbine plants. With growing ambient air temperature, the specific volume of air increases, which can result in a larger work spent for air compression in the compressor. One of the most effective method for increasing the efficiency of gas turbine plants is to raise the gas temperature before the turbine. Since this temperature is the highest temperature in the cycle, this method is applicable for gas turbine plants of any scheme and type. However, there are some limitations on increasing gas temperature. The allowable temperature for reliable operation is between 1000 and 1400 k. However, decreasing ambient air temperature to increase the efficiency of gas turbine plants is easier and at low costs compared to rising gas temperature. As a decrease of 1°C temperature of inlet air increases the power output by 1%. In this paper our objective is improving the efficiency of gas turbine plants by decreasing ambient air temperature. To reach this we use a heat exchanger with different strip fins. The temperature of chilled water is constant on 7C°, but the ambient air temperature is variable between 20 and 36 C°. After designing process some graphs are presented, which give required mass flow rate to reach slightly ambient air temperature.

NA

This article fits into the new strand of literature related to the asymmetric central bank preferences and its effect on the inflation dynamic. In reality, the central banker preferences are more likely to be asymmetric. Central banker can be, for various reasons, more averse toward deviations from target with one sign more than deviations from target with the other sign. The interaction of asymmetric central bank preferences with uncertainty arising from the volatility of inflation and output may affect the inflation movements. This paper aims to check the hypothesis that asymmetric central bank preferences are able to explain inflation rate for the case of Tunisia and to understand Central Bank of Tunisia preferences toward inflation rate and output during the period ranging from 1993 to 2010. We refer to a standard monetary model that includes asymmetric loss function and a linear supply curve which acts as a constraint on the central bank behavior. The results show that the inflation rate depends on the output gap and on the conditional variance of inflation and provide evidence for asymmetric central bank preferences. The Central Bank of Tunisia seems to be more averse to high inflation which is consistent with its ultimate goal explicitly announced to preserve price stability.

Little or no data support the idea that orthodontic treatment is needed at any age to prevent the development of temperomandibular dysfunction. First it is not a single joint but a pair of joints working in tandem and in a well-coordinated manner to meet functional demands. Second, unlike other joints of the body where movements of the joint are determined by functional demands and anatomy of the joint, the path of movements and position of the Temperomandibular joint at rest are determined by the teeth of either jaw which the joint helps to keep in an occluded position. The frequency of TMJ complaints has multiplied in the last few years. This may have been brought about by the increased stresses of our fast paced world, or at least we now recognize that there is a stress strain tension release syndrome that often manifests itself with nocturnal Para functional activity. Temperomandibular disorder may be considered a cluster of joint and muscle disorders in the orofacial region which is characterized by pain, joint sounds such clicking and irregular or deviating jaw function.This article reviews the various aspects of temperomandibular joint involving on orthpodontic diagnosis and various treatment approach.

The international financial systems knew important modifications during these last decades. The business of financial intermediation tips over more and more in the hands of new actors that are institutional investors. The rise of institutional investors is an indubitable fact that underlines very numerous researches. It can be analyzed as a deep modification of the capitalism and as a strengthening of the power of the shareholders whose behavior investor and owner is transformed. It is accompanied by the emergence of new finance professions whose the organization structures the practices of investment. The term of institutional investor includes all the financial intermediaries who collect funds to place either with the companies which wish to invest, or by buying securities on the secondary markets of stock exchanges. Institutional investors include banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies as well as organizations for collective investment in transferable securities. Several studies were interested to examine their behavior in financial markets. A first category of works adduces that institutional investors are real "traders". Their main objective is the maximization of the profitability of their short-term investments. Conversely, the second category of works suggests that the proportions of capital more and more important held by institutional investors imply the abandonment of a neutral attitude. Our theoretical investigation of the behavior of these actors has enabled us to highlight several behaviors delegation management, management style and the international diversification of their portfolio.

The potential applications of natural products which are commonly used in the preparation of natural fiber reinforced composites are explored. The increasing demand for environmentally friendly materials and the need for cheaper fibers which increase the desirable mechanical properties forces to search for the natural products. The products that are abundantly available and are not efficiently used are taken in the study. Rice straw and chicken feather are one among the commonly available natural products of agricultural industry and poultry industry respectively which are considered as waste. These materials are disposed causing negative impact to the environment. Composite samples are prepared using untreated, uneven rice straw and chicken feather fibers using general purpose polyester resin matrix. The tensile behavior of the samples prepared with different volumetric proportions of the matrix and fiber were analyzed. The studies show an increase in the fiber loading decreases the tensile strength till an optimum fiber proportion. The tensile strength of rice straw fiber reinforced composites shows a decreasing trend till 40% of fiber volume and then increases. Similar behavior is observed in chicken feather fiber reinforced composites. The hybrid composites (rice straw and chicken feather combination) show an increasing trend till 30% of fiber volume and then decreases for 40% and again it increases.

The objective of the work consisted in modeling and optimizing the juice extraction physicochemical characteristics from Hibiscus sabdariffa L., in order to be able to put forward its qualities. This was done using response surface methodology (RSM). The models obtained at 60°C using Doehlert experimental design were of second order with interaction. The validation of those models used the coefficient of correlation R2 (0.998 and 0.994 respectively for turbidity and extract), the absolute average deviation (AAD) (0.068 and 0.056 respectively for turbidity and extract), the bias factor (0.95 and 0.98 respectively for turbidity and extract) and the exactitude factor (1.08 and 1.05 respectively for turbidity and extract). In this study, factors as calyxes/water ratio and maceration time which influenced significantly on juice turbidity and extract was modeled and optimized. The calyxes/water ratio contributions were 34% and 43% respectively for turbidity and extract while, the maceration time contributions were 23% and 10% respectively for turbidity and extract. At 60 °C of extraction temperature, we were able to have turbidity up to 307.22 NTU and extract up to 12 °B. When optimizing the responses, it was possible to have juices with less turbidity (= 200 NTU) and high extract (= 6 °B).

In this article, the modified simple equation method has been implemented to construct the new exact travelling wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equations. This method is very easy, direct, concise and simple to implement as compared with other existing methods. As an application, this method has been successfully implemented to construct the new exact travelling wave solutions to nonlinear Phi-four evolution equation. Since, the homogeneous balancing principle has been used, so we can claim that this method can be applied to other nonlinear partial differential equations or nonlinear evolution equations where the homogeneous balancing principle is satisfied.